Summary of 'A Model of the Material, Mental, Historical and Social Character of Knowledge'

Article summary for Week 5, Class 7.

Group: MIM-SUMMER (Ashwini, Dick, Eleanor, Kai, Holger)

Rooney, D. & Schneider, U. (2005). A Model of the Material, Mental, Historical and Social Character of Knowledge. In Rooney, Hearn & Ninan (eds). Handbook on the Knowledge Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 19-36.

Summary

Rooney and Schneider provide an extensive overview of what the concept of knowledge actually means, and in particular what ‘knowing’ entails. The focus is on what tacit knowledge is and how ‘enigmatic and messy’ it is. (p. 19) Their overview draws on research from the sociology of knowledge (that knowledge is socially constructed and articulated), the psychology of consciousness (how we came to know things from an evolutionary perspective), research into learning (specifically how knowledge can be declarative or procedural), and intuition (how we can form ‘relationships between different sets of ideas’). Put into this context, the act of knowing becomes something deeply human and deeply cultural.
The focus of explicit knowledge also shifts within this context. Here the importance is its ability to communicate something: ‘It is not the degree of codification which is significant, but, rather, the degree to which an idea is explained or made explicit’ (p. 22). So the focus is here on what happens when a person ‘reads’ the code, rather than on the code itself. The concept of knowledge’s communicability is dependent on a person’s ability to understand the code, and this is dependent on such factors as shared understandings, context and background. The final transformation of the knowledge comes when it is enacted by another person. The authors stress that this also takes place in a contextualized and individual way: the reenactment of the knowledge is never identical as the original ‘knower’s’ enactment, as: ’different people in different parts of social systems, having different vested interests and power, and experience different rewards and frustrations’ (p. 31).

Review

This is a heavy, academic article with much technical referencing to philosophy and sociology. Its strength is that it leaves you with an overall appreciation of how knowing is not a simple process; rather it is as individual as the wiring of a person’s mind and is inseparable with their cultural context and belief system. There are many very quotable excerpts, which illustrate complex points well. As primarily being concerned with the goal of describing knowledge there are no suggestions on how these definitions can be put into practice with the job of KM in an organizational context. This is not what the authors set out to do. The focus is also clearly on tacit knowledge as this is what the authors believe true knowledge is. For more understanding on explicit knowledge, it would be better to look elsewhere.

Wisdom as an Attribute of Knowledge Work

Article: Rooney, D., B. McKenna, and F. D'Agostino, Wisdom as an Attribute of Knowledge Work

Type of article: Position paper

Audience: Academics, Knowledge Management Professionals

Focus: To define wisdom within the dimensions of psychology and philosophy and its role within knowledge management.

Summary:
Wisdom in the context of decision making is needed because judgment is easily clouded, influence misused, ethics less considered. The authors assert that wisdom is well defined by approaching it both psychologically and philosophically but affirms the approaches are different yet commonalities exist. Further wisdom embodies rational and transcendent forms of knowledge.

From a psychological perspective wisdom coordinates knowledge and judgments. While philosophically wisdom encompasses the social dimensions of shared understanding using adjectives such as prudent, sensory, visceral, worldliness, and tolerance.

To be rational is to reason for the purpose of attainment. Whereas to be transcendent is to know what is possible without rationality.

The primary objective of the article is to debate wisdom’s role in the context of knowledge management. According to Van Loon, decision making becomes increasingly difficult as the volume of sources and types of information grow and vary but Rooney suggests that perhaps wisdom shall prevail.

‘Practical Wisdom and Philosophy’ is the authors focus, from which a framework evolved:

• Ethics – humane tolerance
• Aesthetics – communicative eloquence
• Ontology – classificatory assumptions either explicit (definitions, codes, manuals etc) or implicit (assumptions or implied through practice)
• Mindlessness – to act without regard for routinized ruts, organisational coherence and predetermined destinations.
  

The author concludes warning the reader of potential pitfalls because of the inadequate theorization of knowledge.

Review:
The article’s psychological and philosophical bent aroused interest providing a multi-faceted perspective on wisdom and its application thereof. The authors substantiate their arguments citing authors of varied backgrounds. The article is aptly titled to peak interest from knowledge management specialist curious about the role of wisdom. An interesting read but the article left me wanting to know more. As aptly suggested by the authors how do you measure knowledge, exploit intellectual capital and use computer-based knowledge management systems versus applying wisdom, ethics and imagination.